Death on the furca
Constantine admitted probable Christian influence in his penal policy when he abolished branding on the face, because the face was created in the image of heavenly beauty, although he allowed branding on the hands or legs. Whether or not it was also Constantine who formally abolished crucifixion in favor of hanging – the change over time to the more humane penalty is certain; the furca, on which death was instantaneous, replaced the protracted agonies of the cross.
The furca was a device for hanging slaves in ancient Rome and refers to the gallows for hanging men. The gallows took its form from the Roman Furca when Constantine abolished crucifixion.
Dig. 48.19.28.15. Famosos latrones in his locis ubi grassati sunt furca Wgendos compluribus placuit, ut et consectu deterrentur alii ab iisdem facinoribus. It is possible that ‘furca’, the gallows, where death was quick, has been substituted by the Justinianic compilers for »patibulo«, or some other word for »cross«.
I discovered an interesting historical wooden work of art in the »Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst« in Berlin / Germany. It is from the time of 4th cent. CE.
Pic is displaying the execution of King Gai on the
furca. Graphic related to Cod. Vat. Pal. gr. 431, f. 11r (the rope for getting up is missing here).
Pic is displaying the execution of Magyaren Boulousoudes.
Graphic related to Cod. Cod. Matrit. Vitr. 26-2, f. 135r
The Skulpturensammlung is one of the largest collections of ancient sculpture in the world and is housed in the Bode-Museum on the Museumsinsel Berlin.
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http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/skulpturensammlung/home.html)
But there exist a lot of other information related to furca. The furca, which in later language means a gibbet, was, in older dialect, used to denote a wooden fork or collar, which was made to bear upon their shoulders, or around their necks, as a mark of disgrace, as much as an uneasy burden.
Unsigned article on pp562‑563 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
FURCA, which properly means a fork, was also p563 the name of an instrument of punishment. It was a piece of wood in the form of the letter A, which was placed upon the shoulders of the offender, whose hands were tied to it. Slaves were frequently punished in this way, and were obliged to carry about the furca wherever they went (Donat. ad Ter. Andr. III.5.12; Plut. Coriol. 24; Plaut. Cas. II.6.37); whence the appellation of furcifer was applied to a man as a term of reproach (Cic. in Vatin. 6).a The furca was used in the ancient mode of capital punishment among the Romans; the criminal was tied to it, and then scourged to death (Liv. I.26; Suet. Ner. 49).b The patibulum was also an instrument of punishment, resembling the furca; it appears to have been in the form of the letter Π (Plaut. Mil. II.4.7, Mostell. I.1.53). Both the furca and patibulum were also employed as crosses,c to which criminals were nailed (in furca suspendere, Dig. 48 tit. 13 s.6; tit. 19 s.28 §15; tit. 19 s.38). See Lipsius, de Cruce.