PART 10 : AD 64-66
Near Rome.
In Jerusalem, Julia of Brixellum had discovered that, in general, Christians were nice, hospitable people. It felt like a relief to be among them. They were different from the selfish and stern people in Rome, only thinking about duty and the interest of the family. But for some reason, Julia could never be fully convinced of the idea of salvation. She had a too critical and independent mind to accept that. For her, it remained a hypothesis. Without doubt a very attractive hypothesis, one of eternal life, an afterlife without suffering, living in a paradise, under the glory of God.
“Julia! You have to believe in salvation! You have to accept it! Open your mind and your heart for it, and you will discover eternal happiness under the glory of God!”
But it did not work to open her mind and heart for it. Christianity was to her merely a relief for the hardships earthy life. And her growing disagreements with Christian scholars and priests did definitely not contribute to open her mind at all to the promises of salvation.
Julia was in favor of open discussions about religion. She tried to convey her ideas by referring to her presence at the crucifixion and what she had seen and heard there.
Julia was an advocate of peaceful coexistence between religions. That was however not the opinion of the Christian leaders in Jerusalem.
“Our believe is the truth, the only truth”, they argued. “There is no other one! Only by conversion, people can be salvaged. It is our mission to spread our message, until the whole of mankind is salvaged!”
There was no arguing about that. The priests stuck to their plan. A plan to convert the whole of humanity. By force if needed.
“Do not think that you are a scholar, because you incidentally witnessed His crucifixion, woman!”
Their attitude had worried Julia more and more.
The Christian leaders had already shaped their views into dogma’s.
“Submit, woman…!”
That was it! Clearly, they had already set up a path leading to power, leading to the takeover of society, because their truth was the only thrust. They still claimed it would be a peaceful evolution, a long and difficult march through the institutions. But the prospect of power and future tyranny was already visible, as they were clearly adopting the patriarchic thinking of Roman society into their organization! Julia had found shelter in the Christian society, because they advocated gender equality, in a way unseen in the Roman society, where woman was a possession of the patriarch. But now it appeared that this prospect of equity was slipping away while the patriarchs were shaping their plans.
They were out to power, they were out to power by controlling the state. One day, the Princeps will be a Christian! One day, we will control the Empire! One day, we will implement our rules to it!
“You are betraying Him!” Julia objected.
“How dare you, woman!? That’s blasphemy!”
It came to a rupture, a personal schism between Christianity and Julia of Brixellum. The schism forced her to leave Jerusalem. Finally, she ended up in Rome. Rather than returning to the Pados valley, she sought the anonymity of the big town, as she had done in Jerusalem. In Rome she encountered Malachius, a man from the inner circle of Nero, the new Princeps. Malachius, impressed by her beauty, her character and her intellectual skills, gave her protection in exchange for sexual favors. Malachius was always very enthusiastic about Nero. After the decadency of Tiberius, the madness of Caligula and the impotence of Claudius, there was finally a young and ambitious Princeps who knew what he wanted and who would get what he wanted. And what he wanted was to make the Empire a better place for everyone. Nero was devoted to make that mission succeed. He focused much of his attention on diplomacy, trade and enhancing the cultural life of the Empire. Julia believed in him too. After all, she saw justice, order and prosperity return in the Empire.
To Julia’s surprise, there had arisen a widespread community of Christians in Rome too. She told Malachius about it, and about her worrying experience in Jeruzalem. But Malachius was not impressed. Rome was a tolerant place. The worship of its gods was not compulsory. Many populations within the Empire had their own gods. Many people veneered deities such as the Egyptian Serapis. As long as they gave to Caesar what belonged to Caesar, and they did not challenge the Princeps’ power, it was a situation of live and let live, and Nero was determined to maintain that tolerance. Malachius was convinced that the Christians would also appreciate the benefits of that policy and he did not see them as a source of trouble. And actually, when Julia made some contacts, she found out that the Christian leadership in Rome was far less fanatic than those in Jerusalem.
In the tenth year of the reign of Nero, Rome was struck by disaster. In a July night of that year, a big fire broke out in the city of Rome, ultimately devastating more than half of the city. Julia was not in Rome that time. She was with Malachius in his villa near the Via Appia. The fire almost lasted a week. During the night she could see the mysterious glow at the horizon. During the day, the smoke pile was clearly visible in the distance. Depending on the wind direction, charred substances sometimes came down near the villa.
Soon, rumors spread that Nero himself had been responsible for the fire, in order to make space for his ambitious urban plans. But Julia did not care. Even if it were true that Nero had ordered the fire, every ruler has his views on urban planning, and every ruler has his own methods to have them carried out. But most likely, it seemed that the fire had simply been an accident with highly flammable materials, that are difficult to extinguish once they start burning. The strong wind over the city that night did the rest.
Malachius had advised Julia to stay in the villa, and not to go to Rome. The devastation was terrible, and the city was a dangerous place because of the numerous people that had lost their home, their income and all they got. Loot, robbery, rape and murder had dramatically increased. Malachius himself was needed there as an advisor to Nero. There was work to do to contain the outbreak of criminality, to provide help and shelter for the homeless and to rebuild the devastated quarters. He regularly reported to Julia when he returned, as always enthusiastic about Nero’s concern for the people, his vigor and his brilliant plans about how to rebuild the city. There would come great new spaces, palaces and temples. And the housings would be built more spaced and in fire-proof materials, ensuring that such a catastrophe as the great fire could never happen again.
Relying mainly on the news Malachius brought her from Rome, Julia only could imagine how it was like there. She received little news from people she knew, but she figured lots of them had more worries restoring their daily life after the disastrous fire. A few weeks after the great fire, Malachius had told her that ‘several Christians’ had been executed in Rome, accused of having started the fire. Julia wondered why they would do so. According to Malachius, the executed had been ‘fanatics’ who wanted to destroy Rome to punish it for its sins, and to purify it. It worried Julia, to hear that the Christian community apparently had been infected already by the same fanatic ideas that had chased her from Jerusalem? Perhaps, she thought, it was not that bad to get rid of these fanatics.
It took six months before Julia would return to Rome. Accompanied by a slave guard to protect her, she went in search for people she knew. It was a real shock to see the devastated quarters, of which many were still in charred ruins. Only the streets had been cleared of the rubble. Other burned down quarters had been flattened already, but apparently, priority had been given to building palaces and temples, rather than new housings. Much of the quarters where her friends had lived, were unrecognizable. No one could say where the former habitants had gone, or whether they had survived the fire or not. Everybody had been on the move. People lived under canvas or in provisional shelters, in cramped situations.
Only the second day, she met some of her former Christian friends. There were only a few left. Were where the other? No one could say. Had they perished, had they found shelter elsewhere, had they fled? Julia got the impression that they had changed. Their openness had gone. They seemed to be scared. They seemed to distrust her. Was it because of the trauma of the fire? When Julia inquired about the executions of fanatics, all she got was silence as an answer. And when she inquired Malachius about it the next day, all she got was silence too.
Julia returned to the villa, completely mentally disoriented. The view of the devastated quarters, of the misery of the survivors, kept haunting her, as did the wall of silence of her Christian friends. And there had been one gruesome rumour she had heard. The rumour that Nero had ordered to execute Christians, ordinary men and women, Roman citizens, and absolutely no fanatics, by rubbing their naked bodies with pitch, tying them on crosses, and having them burned alive as torches during his evening orgies. Others had been wrapped in animal skins, and then got killed in the arena by wild dogs. Malachius asserted that these rumours were absolutely untrue, that Nero would never commit such atrocities, and that it clearly showed how vicious the Christian fanatics were, by spreading such propaganda lies about the Princeps! Julia did not know anymore whom to believe. Meanwhile, in her mind, Rome had become no-go area. More and more her world had narrowed to Malachius’ estate. It came up to her sometimes that she was ending up in a situation similar to the one she had fled for some thirty years ago. Something she was particularly remembered to it, when Mrs. Malachius, the vicious Livia, visited the estate. But Julia did not have the strength anymore to take life in her own hands.
While Julia practically had settled in Malachius’ estate, he was more and longer in Rome. It looked like that the Good Days of Nero’s principate were fading away, as were, she feared, the Good Days with Malachius. When he was home, he seemed to keep a distance. He was absent. He looked stressed. Clearly, there was a crisis. It seemed that Nero was losing support, both from the population and from the legions. The real crisis begun with bad news from a distant province, where massive riots had broken out against Roman rule. Garrisons had been attacked and slaughtered, Roman citizens had been lynched. Entire cities had fallen into the hands of the rioters. The riot was turning into a real rebellion.
The rebellious province was Judea. The center of the rebellion was Jerusalem. The rebels were Jewish fanatics. The news of the rebellion reached Rome, and sparked riot among the thousands of people still homeless after the fire. Angered that Nero had not kept his promises to rebuild the city, while after the fire he had spent lots of money to prestigious palaces and temples. The news had spread that Nero would cut back the housing program and the support to the homeless, because he needed money to crush the Judean rebellion – or was it to buy support from the legions? It was said that meanwhile, the work at the palaces and temples would continue. Seeing no way out of their misery, hunger and poverty, the plebs came out of their shelters and marched up to the seat of the government.
To Nero’s surprise, army units seemed to hesitate when they were ordered to march against the rioters. It needed Tigelinus to restore order, in the army first, then in the streets of Rome. Actually Tigelinus understood that in the worst case, the available forces in Rome would be no match for what could become a bloody street guerilla in the ruins of the devastated quarters. Maybe it could be won ultimately, but it would take time and it would maybe need reinforcements from legions whose commanders Nero preferred to keep far away from Rome, commanders like Galba and Otho for example. So, Tigelinus played on persuasion. Nero made promises. He promised the plebs the building materials that were destined for the temples and palaces. He promised logistic support for a program of reconstruction by the homeless themselves. He promised increased food support.
It worked, and the riots subsided. Certainly as it appeared that Nero was keeping his promises. The first visible result of the deal, however, concerned another point of it. It concerned the Christians. The prolonged living in provisional housing had created tensions with the Christians. Their weird rites, their mutual solidarity, their asocial, segregational attitude, had sparked tensions. For Nero, this tension was a gift. He had a case now to draw off the attention from the problems of the reconstruction. The issue of the great fire was brought up again. Speculating on the fact that most of the population of Rome did not bother discerning between the radical Jews in Judea and the Christians in Rome, Nero let proclaim that it was now clear that the Christians had set fire to the city two years earlier, as a part of a conspiracy against Rome and that they had acted on orders ‘from Jerusalem’. The population believed it. This time, Nero would not end up with executing a few tens of radical Christians. He would eradicate the whole Christian community in Rome. This would allow him to keep his promises to the others – housing and more food, without having to increase the efforts, simply by eradicating a part of the population. But ultimately, Nero and many of his advisors got more and more convinced by their own propaganda, that the Christians in Rome were really a vanguard of the Judean ‘terrorists’ from Jerusalem. For the security of Rome, it would be better that they would be exterminated. All Christians were declared enemies of the state and they were rounded up by numbers. And with more news of massacres of Romans in Judea reaching the city, Nero got more and more approval of his harsh policy. For the first time since the fire, his popularity rose again.
The persecution became so massive, that it did not take a long time before the news reached Malachius’ estate. It definitely looked like the tolerance so praised by Malachius, had become an illusion. The Christians seemed to have drawn a strong dislike upon themselves from a population that distrusted their religious practices and their growing rejection of the powers in Rome. Julia found it a bad idea to persecute the Christians. It only would strengthen them and radicalize their thoughts. Moderate elements would be put aside. She argued about it with Malachius, but he did not seem to listen to her at all any more. He warned her to be careful, because very quickly, the persecution and the suspicions had become so strong, that speaking on behalf of the Christians became a risk on its own. Malachius had instructed her to bring it up to no one.
Then, a few people appeared on the estate. It was a family of Christians. They were clearly scared, and on the run. Julia heard atrocious stories of mass killings of Christians in Nero’s newly completed circus. Men and women, children and elderly, entire families, were driven into the circus and killed by being thrown to animals, by being burned alive, by being crucified. Hundreds of people at the time, regardless whether they were Roman citizens or not. The killings drew thousands of spectators, who lustfully witnessed the extermination of the enemies of Rome. The entrance was free and Nero had ordered to distribute free food, allowing the homeless to witness that Nero was taking their security concerns seriously. For Julia, it did not matter whether they were Christian or not, it was about innocent people being persecuted by blind state terror.
(to be continued)