This day, 75 years ago.
On December 16th 1944, Allied forces were surprised by a massive German counterattack, in the Ardenne mountains in eastern Belgium. The ensuing fights, which lasted until the end of January 1945, is known as the Battle of the Ardennes, the Battle of the Bulge, or, among the population of the Low Countries, also as the Von Rundstedt Offensive.
With the winter coming up, the Allied advance had stalled in front of the German border. Although the Allies had since November 28th a deep water port available close to the front (Antwerp), they still had lots of logistics problems, because many supplies often had to come all the way from the temporary ports and beaches in Normandy, and much of the railroad network in France and Belgium still suffered from bombing damage, inflicted by the Allied raids before D-Day. The Germans had managed to secretly assemble a massive force at the front line, by using not their common communication systems, and under cover of darkness and low clouded weather.
The aim of the offensive was to recapture Antwerp. This would disrupt Allied supplies, and would cut off four British armies. The American troops deployed in the Ardenne, were considered rather weak.
The offensive was a complete surprise, and many American units were overrun. Initially, the panzer units spearheading the offensive, seemed to make a dash towards their first obstacle, the Meuse River. Nevertheless, resistance was tougher than expected. For the Germans, who suffered themselves from supply shortages, it was essential to capture Allied fuel depots underway. But that did not work out well. Furthermore, the few available roads were not all accessible, creating pile ups of tank columns on those roads who were. Often, the advance stopped, because tank columns ran out of fuel. The terrain was also unfavorable. In May 1940, the Germans had successfully launched a tank offensive straight through the Ardenne, which had before been deemed impossible by tacticians. But the 1940 offensive aimed the Channel ports, and hence was directed to the northwest, giving the advantage of advancing parallel to the main topography. Antwerp lay however in the northeast, meaning: taking the hill ridges one after the other, and less available roads in that direction.
In the south, it was essential for the Germans to capture the town of Bastogne, an important crossroads of all seven main roads in the region. The city was surrounded, but the besieged US Army troops refused to surrender (‘Nuts’ as General Mcauliffe replied to the offer to surrender), and the siege had to be abandoned.
In the central area, the Germans came within sight of the Meuse river, but there also, they had to use narrow corridors, which could be easily taken under fire by infiltrated Allies. There comes up the story that one woman has stopped the offensive, by telling a panzer officer that American troops had mined the road leading to the Meuse valley. As she did, a Panther tank ran upon a mine and was destroyed, making the Germans hesitate to continue.
The odds changed when, at the end of December, the low clouds disappeared, allowing the Allies to deploy their air superiority. Surrounded troops were supplied by airlift, and the German ground troops came under air attack.
When the battle was all over, the Allies faced the Siegfried Line, Germany’s border defense line.